Let R be a ring and V be a MATRIX VALUATION on R. It is shown that, there exists a correspondence between MATRIX VALUATIONs on R and some special subsets Σ(MVPR) of the set of all square matrices over R, analogous to the correspondence between invariant VALUATION rings and abelian VALUATION functions on a division ring. Furthermore, based on Malcolmson’s localization, an alternative proof for the following result is presented. “There exists a natural bijection between the MATRIX VALUATIONs on R and valuated epic R-fields.”

The aim of the present study was the histological eVALUATION of Enamel MATRIX Derivative (EMD) effectiveness for regeneration of periodontal defects. EMD activates cementum synthesis, PDL and bone during the maturation stage of follicole. In this research, EMD was used in surgical defects of premolar teeth in four adult sheep. Muccoperiosteal flap was reflected in buccal site of teeth. The buccal bone plate was removed from mesial to distal in 4 mm depth. After eliminating the cementum by bur and its etching, EMD was applied on exposed dentine and flap was sutured. In opposite sites of those teeth (control sites) the same process was performed without etching. After 100 days, sheep were sacrificed and histological study through light microscopic was performed on black sections of operation sites. The results showed that in test sites, regeneration of cementum and bone was 62/5% and 42/5-50% respectively. But in control sites regeneration of cementum and bone was 37.5% and 32/5-42/5% respectively. Also the migration of junctional epithelium in control sites was 8-10% more than test sites. The important point is that in test sites, cementum was completely attached to undermining dentine. But, in control sites, the gap between cementum and dentine was visible. As a result, this study suggests that EMD promotes periodontal regeneration, and EMD application is a successful achievement in regenerative periodontal therapy.

With the growing knowledge of economics, the role of intellectual property in the development of international businesses and the boom of the national economy has become increasingly pronounced. There are many items on the intellectual property list, but the patent may be the most important intellectual property. Patent rights that bring patent owner immunity are very valuable. These licenses have been tradable in certain markets, like many other economic markets, and one of the concerns of technology researchers has always been to calculate the value of patents and to decide whether or not to buy them. The present study has developed a system for patent VALUATION. In the first step, the decision to invest or not invest in intellectual property (policy making) is examined using Ohlsen's model. In the second step, the patent VALUATION is done by using the real option VALUATION methods.  Implementation of Ohlsen's model in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange has highlighted the importance of advertising as one of the customer-centric intellectual property of the share price. in second step, a patent is valued in terms of the option to assign and simulate future patent cash flows using the average return process.

Background and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent VALUATION method. Method: In this study the effect of different explanatory variables on respondents' willingness to pay for the Protection of logit regression model was used. The required data from 196 completed questionnaires were collected. Findings: 71% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to the protection of the region. Results of logit model estimation showed that the index trend of environmental variables, accountability, financial, environmental and offered membership in the organization are significant. The results showed that the expected value of the willingness to pay was 23948/5 million Rials. The monthly value of protecting the region against 18861/28 million rials respectively. The protective value against was determined 287382/7million rials annually in the study area. Dividing this figure by the total area of ecosystems studied, the average per hectare of ecosystem protection against 8888 thousand (according to the area of 32332 hectares’ area) is obtained. It is recommended at least annually, equivalent to 8888 million (annual preservation value per hectare) Rials for investment protection Khaeiz area. It represents the estimated total value of ecosystem protection in the region. In other words, the ecosystem of the region also has many other values for example, biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, biological diversity, prevent soil erosion, combat air pollution, noise reduction, mitigation and climate stylized, green spaces and landscape and natural scenery, temperature adjustment, increase groundwater resources and consequently the springs and rivers, others noted that their value should be estimated. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the current situation is an important step to safeguard protected areas and natural resources and move towards sustainable development. Also for planners, managers and decision-makers provide justification to the quantity and quality of natural resources to support them.

In this paper, persents the definitions of strongly prime ideal, strongly prime N-subgroup, Pseudo-VALUATION near ring and Pseudo-VALUATION N-group. Some of their properties have also been proven by theorems. Then it is shown that, if N be near ring with quotient near-field K and P be a strongly prime ideal of near ring N, then is a strongly prime ideal of , for any multiplication subset S of N. In addition, they obtained the relation between strongly prime ideal and strongly prime N-group, and also between Pseudo-VALUATION near ring and Pseudo-VALUATION N-subgroup. It has also shown that if every N-subgroup be ideal of M and P be a strongly prime N-subgroup of M, then (P: M) is a strongly prime ideal of N. And in the end it is proved that if P and L of N-subgroups M and Psubset of L such that for any y in K , y-1P subset of P, then L is a strongly prime N-subgroup of M if and only if L/p is a strongly prime N-subgroup of M/p.

The main objective of this research is to determine recreation value of Nour forest and measure willingness to pay (WTP) in Mazandaran Province. Logit model, contingent VALUATION method (CVM) and maximum likelihood methods were used for calculating this VALUATION. Used data were collected by filling 600 questionnaires from this place visitor. The results showed that 81.2% of respondents were ready to pay for recreation in Nour forest and the mean of WTP for recreation value of Nour forest calculated 2950 Rial/ person and 14160 Rial/Family and recreation value for each hectare of Nour forest is 809327 Rial. In addition, the results showed that price offer and visitors' income variables which are significant have the most impact on willingness to pay of Nour forest visitors and years of education, family size and being regional variables were the next effective factors on willingness to pay quantity.